Tracheotomy
Tracheotomy and tracheostomy are surgical procedures on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe). They are performed by paramedics, veterinarians, emergency physicians and surgeons. Both surgical and percutaneous techniques are now widely used.
While tracheostomy may have possibly been portrayed on ancient Egyptian tablets,[1] the first correct description of the tracheotomy operation for suffocating patients was described by Ibn Zuhr in the 12th century,[2] and the currently used surgical tracheostomy technique was described in 1909 by Dr. Chevalier Jackson from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Terminology
Tracheotomy, from the Greek root tom- meaning "to cut," refers to the procedure of cutting into the trachea and is an emergency procedure.[3]
A tracheostomy, from the root stom- meaning "mouth," refers to the making of a semipermanent or permanent opening, and to the opening itself.
Some sources offer different definitions of the above terms. Part of the ambiguity is due to the uncertainty of the intended permanence of the stoma at the time it is created.[4]
Uses of tracheotomy
The conditions in which a tracheotomy may be used are:
* Acute setting - maxillofacial injuries, large tumors of the head and neck, congenital tumors, e.g. branchial cyst, acute inflammation of head and neck, and
* Chronic / elective setting - when there is need for long term mechanical ventilation and tracheal toilet, e.g. comatose patients, surgery to the head and neck.
In emergency settings, in the context of failed endotracheal intubation or where intubation is contraindicated, cricothyroidotomy or mini-tracheostomy may be performed in preference to a tracheostomy.
Tracheotomy procedure
1. Curvilinear skin incision along relaxed skin tension lines (RSTL) between sternal notch and cricoid cartilage.
2. Midline vertical incision dividing strap muscles.
3. Division of thyroid isthmus between ligatures.
4. Elevation of cricoid with cricoid hook.
5. Placement of tracheal incision. An inferior based flap, or Björk flap, (through second and third tracheal rings) is commonly used. The flap is then sutured to the inferior skin margin. Alternatives include a vertical tracheal incision (pediatric) or excision of an ellipse of anterior tracheal wall.
6. Insert tracheostomy tube (with concomitant withdrawal of endotracheal tube), inflate cuff, secure with tape around neck or stay sutures.
7. Connect ventilator tubing.
It is also possible to make a simple vertical incision between tracheal rings (typically 2nd and 3rd) for the incision. Rear end flaps may produce more intratracheal granulation tissue at the site of the incisions, making it less favorable to some surgeons.
Percutaneous tracheotomy procedure
1. Curvilinear skin incision along relaxed skin tension lines between sternal notch and cricoid cartilage.
2. Midline blunt dissection down to the trachea (optional depending on technique).
3. Insertion of 14-gauge plastic cannula and needle with fluid filled syringe attached into trachea. Aspiration of air confirms correct placement of the tip in the trachea.
4. Removal of needle leaving cannula in place.
5. Insertion of soft tipped guide wire into trachea through cannula.
6. Removal of cannula leaving guide wire in place.
7. Tracheal dilatation is now undertaken - different techniques do this in different ways.
1. Ciaglia - the sequential insertion and removal of a series (usually 4-5) of increasing larger dilators over the wire into the trachea.
2. Griggs - insertion of a specially designed pair of guide-wire forceps along the wire into the trachea and then are opened to complete the dilation in one step.
3. Rhino - insertion of a single large tapered dilator over a plastic guidewire reinforcement.
4. Frova Percutwist - insertion of a specially designed screw of increasing diameter which rotates to create the dilatation.
8. Insert tracheostomy tube (with concomitant withdrawal of endotracheal tube), inflate cuff, secure with tape around neck or stay sutures.
9. Connect ventilator tubing.
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