Adrenalectomy
Adrenalectomy is the surgical removal of one or both (bilateral adrenalectomy) adrenal glands. It is usually advised for patients with tumors of the adrenal glands. The procedure can be performed using an open incision or laparoscopic technique.
After surgery
If both adrenals are removed then a lifetime of steroid supplementation of cortisone and hydrocortisone is needed. The dose need to be increased when in stress.[1]
VIDEO
WILMS TUMOUR
Wilms' tumor or nephroblastoma is a tumor of the kidneys that typically occurs in children, rarely in adults.[1] Its common name is an eponym, referring to Dr. Max Wilms, the German surgeon (1867–1918) who first described this kind of tumor.[2]
Approximately 500 cases are diagnosed in the U.S. annually. The majority (75%) occur in otherwise normal children; a minority (25%) is associated with other developmental abnormalities. It is highly responsive to treatment, with about 90% of patients surviving at least five years.
Pathology
Triphasic pattern showing tubules, solid sheets of cells, and stromal differentiation in a pathological specimen of adult Wilms' tumour.
Tubular pattern resembling pseudo-rosettes at places.Pathologically, a triphasic nephroblastoma comprises three elements:
blastema
mesenchyme
epithelium
Wilms' tumor is a malignant tumor containing metanephric blastema, stromal and epithelial derivatives. Characteristic is the presence of abortive tubules and glomeruli surrounded by a spindled cell stroma. The stroma may include striated muscle, cartilage, bone, fat tissue, fibrous tissue. The tumor is compressing the normal kidney parenchyma.
The mesenchymal component may include cells showing rhabdomyoid differentiation. The rhabdomyoid component may itself show features of malignancy (rhabdomyosarcomatous Wilms).
Wilms tumor may be separated into 2 prognostic groups based on pathologic characteristics:
Favorable - Contains well developed components mentioned above
Anaplastic - Contains diffuse anaplasia (poorly developed cells)
Prognosis
Tumor-specific loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) for chromosomes 1p and 16q identifies a subset of favorable histology Wilms tumor patients who have a significantly increased risk of relapse and death. LOH for these chromosomal regions can now be used as an independent prognostic factor together with disease stage to target intensity of treatment to risk of treatment failure.[3][4] Genome-wide copy number and LOH status can be assessed with virtual karyotyping of tumor cells (fresh or paraffin-embedded).
Molecular biology
Mutations of the WT1 gene on chromosome 11 are observed in approximately 20% of Wilms tumors.[5][6] At least half of the Wilms tumors with mutations in WT1 also carry mutations in CTNNB1, the gene encoding the proto-oncogene beta-catenin.[7]
A gene on the X chromosome, WTX, is inactivated in up to 30% of Wilms tumor cases, according to research published in 2007.[8]
Most cases do not have mutations in any of these genes.[9]
Staging and treatment
Staging is determined by combination of imaging studies, and pathologic findings if the tumor is operable (adapted from www.cancer.gov). Treatment strategy is determined by the stage:
Stage I (43% of patients)
For stage I Wilms' tumor, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met:
Tumor is limited to the kidney and is completely excised.
The surface of the renal capsule is intact.
The tumor is not ruptured or biopsied (open or needle) prior to removal.
No involvement of renal sinus vessels.
No residual tumor apparent beyond the margins of excision.
Treatment: Nephrectomy + 18 weeks of chemotherapy
Outcome: 98% 4-year survival; 85% 4-year survival if anaplastic
Stage II (23% of patients)
For Stage II Wilms' tumor, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met:
Tumor extends beyond the kidney but is completely excised.
No residual tumor apparent at or beyond the margins of excision.
Any of the following conditions may also exist:
Tumor involvement of the blood vessels of the renal sinus and/or outside the renal parenchyma.
The tumor has been biopsied prior to removal or there is local spillage of tumor during surgery, confined to the flank.
Treatment: Nephrectomy + abdominal radiation + 24 weeks of chemotherapy
Outcome: 96% 4-year survival; 70% 4-year survival if anaplastic
Stage III (23% of patients)
For Stage III Wilms' tumor, 1 or more of the following criteria must be met:
Unresectable primary tumor.
Lymph node metastasis.
Positive surgical margins.
Tumor spillage involving peritoneal surfaces either before or during surgery, or transected tumor thrombus.
Treatment: Abdominal radiation + 24 weeks of chemotherapy + nephrectomy after tumor shrinkage
Outcome: 95% 4-year survival; 56% 4-year survival if anaplastic
Stage IV (10% of patients)
Stage IV Wilms' tumor is defined as the presence of hematogenous metastases (lung, liver, bone, or brain), or lymph node metastases outside the abdomenopelvic region.
Treatment: Nephrectomy + abdominal radiation + 24 weeks of chemotherapy + radiation of metastatic site as appropriate
Outcome: 90% 4-year survival; 17% 4-year survival if anaplastic
Stage V (5% of patients)
Stage V Wilms’ tumor is defined as bilateral renal involvement at the time of initial diagnosis. Note: For patients with bilateral involvement, an attempt should be made to stage each side according to the above criteria (stage I to III) on the basis of extent of disease prior to biopsy. The 4-year survival was 94% for those patients whose most advanced lesion was stage I or stage II; 76% for those whose most advanced lesion was stage III.
Treatment: Individualized therapy based on tumor burden
Stage I-IV Anaplasia
Children with stage I anaplastic tumors have an excellent prognosis (80-90% five-year survival). They can be managed with the same regimen given to stage I favorable histology patients.
Children with stage II through stage IV diffuse anaplasia, however, represent a higher-risk group. These tumors are more resistant to the chemotherapy traditionally used in children with Wilms’ tumor (favorable histology), and require more aggressive regimens.
Treatment
Once a kidney tumor is found, surgery can find out whether or not the tumor is cancer. A sample of tissue from the tumor is sent to a pathologist, who looks at it under a microscope to check for signs of cancer. If the tumor is only in the kidney, it can be removed along with the whole kidney (a process called nephrectomy). If there are tumors in both kidneys or if the tumor has spread outside the kidney, a piece of the tumor will be removed. Children 16 years old or older have higher mortality rates within their stages. This is due to them being treated less aggressively and consistently.
Risk Factors
African Americans have the highest rates of Wilm's tumor. Females are also more likely than males to develop the tumors. Most instances of cancer occur among children under the age of 5.
Anaplastic Wilms Tumor
NEXT UP
Thrombectomy
No comments:
Post a Comment